On Thursday, September 3, 2020 at 3:47:41 PM UTC-7, Phil Hobbs wrote:
(snip)
Post by Phil HobbsThe question of how to normalize FFTs goes back way before computers
were even invented, on account of that vexing factor of 2*pi.
(snip of EE contingent)
Post by Phil HobbsThe physics and math contingents tend to use omega = 2 pi f as the
independent frequency variable, so that the 2*pi winds up as a
multiplicative constant outside the integral, either asymmetrically as
1/(2 pi) on the inverse transform, or symmetrically, as
in 1/sqrt(2 pi) on both forward and reverse. The main effect is on the
statement of FT theorems.
IMNSHO putting the 2*pi in the exponent is a huge win, in both the
continuous and discrete cases
Not only in the Fourier transform, but in all the rest of the equations,
omega works out much better than f. It is only convenient to use f
when you are actually counting frequencies. (That is, no-one makes
frequency counters to output in omega.) There are some who use
wavelength over 2pi, but that is rare. Using omega and k, you get
exp(i.k.x - i.omega.t) for propagating waves. (Where k is the
wave number or wave vector, magnitude 2 pi over wavelength.)
It is, then, convenient for the Fourier transform to put the 1/(2pi)
along with the d omega.
In the case of FFT in fixed point, best is to do all with enough bits so
as not to overflow and not divide by N until the end, if it is needed.
In floating point with radix other than 2, it is a little complicated where
to put the divide, but note that bits can be lost when dividing by two.
(Specifically, IBM used radix 16 for many years, and still supports it,
along with 2 a little recently, and 10 on newer machines. Yes,
some machines support all three.)
Step functions in continuous Fourier transforms are not rare, but
a little complicated. Delta functions are not unusual. But for DFT
(defined for periodic band-limited signals) a step function is
not all that special. Especially for small N, where it isn't all
that steep. And note that this all applies for DST or DCT, too.